Who Calls the Shots Sports and University Leadership, Culture, and Decision Making: ASHE Higher Education Report, Volume 30, Number 5

Intercollegiate athletic programs continue to grow to financially, physically, and ethically challenged levels, despite institutions' stated priorities to the contrary. Organizational theories offer lenses for understanding why colleges and universities appear to make athletics decisions that do not seem to be in their interests. Exploring the forcesstructural, legal, social and cultural, and marketexternal to the institution leads to an understanding of the environment's role in constraining campus leaders' choices.The challenge is how to reap educational, social, and economic benefits from sports programs without harming the institution's academic and moral integrity. This volume explores how relatively independent forces constrain the ability of institutional, athletics, and faculty leaders to limit perceived excesses in the growth of intercollegiate athletics programs on their campuses and nationally. Academic and athletic cultures; historical precedent; external organizations and constituencies; external laws and regulations; and markets for athletics-related materials, entertainment, student-atheletes, and professionals: all bring outside forces to bear on the college culture, leadership, and decision making. This monograph explores how the unintended interactions of these forces constrain campus leadership of intercollegiate athletics and consider the resulting policy and leadership implications. It examines the unique historical role of footballand its associated commercialization and culture of masculinityas shaping the foundational structure and regulation of college sports. The monograph concludes with campus leadership strategies and recommendations.This is Volume 30, Issue 6 of the of the ASHE Higher Education Report series.Laurie Nelson is the author of 'Who Calls the Shots Sports and University Leadership, Culture, and Decision Making: ASHE Higher Education Report, Volume 30, Number 5', published 2005 under ISBN 9780787980764 and ISBN 0787980765.