Surveying Principles and Applications

PART I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES 1 BASICS OF SURVEYING 1. 1.1 Surveying Defined 2. 1.2 Types of Surveys 3. 1.3 Classes of Surveys 4. 1.4 Definitions 5. 1.5 Surveying Instrumentation 6. 1.6 Overview of a Modern Surveying Data System - The Science of Geomatics 7. 1.7 Survey Geographic Reference 8. 1.8 Survey Grid Reference 9. 1.9 Survey Legal Reference 10. 1.10 Survey Vertical Reference 11. 1.11 Distance Measurement 12. 1.12 Units of Measurement 13. 1.13 Location Methods 14. 1.14 Accuracy and Precision 15. 1.15 Accuracy Ratio 16. 1.16 Errors 17. 1.17 Mistakes 18. 1.18 Stationing 19. 1.19 Field Notes 20. 1.20 Field Management 2DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 2.1 Methods of Distance measurement 2.2 Distance Measurement - General 2.3 Other Indirect Measuring Ttechniques 2.4 Gunter's Chain 2.5 Taping 2.6 Taping Accessories 2.7 Taping Techniques 2.8 Standard Conditions for the Use of Steel Tapes 2.9 Taping Corrections, General 2.10 Systematic Slope Corrections 2.11 Erroneous Tape Length Corrections 2.12 Temperature Corrections 2.13.1 Invar Steel tapes 2.13.2 Tension and Sag Corrections 2.15 Random Errors Associated With Systematic Taping Errors 2.16 Random Taping Errors 2.17 Techniques for Ordinary Taping Precision 2.18.1 Mistakes in Taping 2.19 Electronic Distance Measurement 2.20 Electronic Angle Measurement 2.21 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) 2.22 EDM Instrument Characteristics 2.23 Prisms 2.24 EDM Instrument Accuracies 2.25 EDM Instrument Operation 2.26 Geometry of EDM Measurements 2.27 EDM Without Reflecting Prisms Questions Problems 3 LEVELING 3.1 General Background 3.2 Theory of Differential Leveling 3.3 Curvature and Refraction 3.4 Types of Surveying Levels 3.5 Leveling Rods 3.6 Definitions for Differential Leveling 3.7 Techniques of Leveling 3.8 Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys) 3.9 Profile and Cross-Section Leveling 3.10 Reciprocal Leveling 3.11 Peg Test 3.12 Three-Wire Leveling 3.13 Trigonometric Leveling 3.14 Level Loop Adjustments 3.15 Suggestions for Rod Work 3.16 Suggestions for Instrument Work 3.17 Mistakes in Leveling Problems 4 ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS 4.1 General background 4.2 Reference Directions for Vertical Angles 4.3 Meridians 4.4 Horizontal Angles 4.5 Azimuths 4.6 Bearings 4.7 Relationships Between Bearings and Angles 4.8 Reverse Directions 4.9 Azimuth Computations 4.10 Bearing Computations 4.11 Comments on Bearings and Azimuths 4.12 Magnetic Direction Problems 5 THEODOLITES 5.1 General Background 5.2 Electronic Theodolite 5.3.1 Theodolite Set-up 5.3.2 Repeating Optical Theodolite 5.5 Angle measurement With an Optical Theodolite 5.6 Direction Optical Theodolites 5.7 Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite 5.8 Geometry of the Theodolite and Total Station 5.9 Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station 5.10 Laying Off Angles 5.11 Prolonging a Straight Line (Double-Centering) 5.12 Bucking-in (also known as interlining and balancing-in) 5.13 Intersection of Two Straight Lines 5.14 Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation Over an Obstacle 5.15 Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle Questions 6 TRAVERSE SURVEYS 6.1 General Background 6.2 Open Traverse 6.3 Closed Traverse 6.4 Balancing Angles 6.5 Latitudes and Departures 6.6 Computation of Latitudes and Departures 6.7Kavanagh, Barry F. is the author of 'Surveying Principles and Applications', published 2005 under ISBN 9780131188624 and ISBN 0131188623.