Surveying

Chapter I. -- Surveys and Their Purposes -- Sources of Surveying Information1. Introduction2. Kinds of Surveys3. Duties of the Surveyor4. Sources of Surveying Information -- Local Sources5. State Surveys6. Federal SurveysChapter II. -- Measurement of Distances7. Horizontal DistancesInstruments for Measuring Distances.8. Tapes9. Steel Tapes10. Metallic or Woven Tapes11. Invar Tapes12. The Stadia13. The Subtense Bar14. TacheometersMeasuring Distances.15. Measuring Horizontal Distances16. "Breaking Tape"17. Suggestions on Taping18. Slope Measurements21. Common Mistakes in Reading and Recording Measurements of Distances22. Precision Required in Linear Measurements23. Testing Length of Tape24. Sources of Error in the Measurement of Lines25. Tape Not Stretched Straight26. Wind27. Incorrect Alignment28. Careless Plumbing29. Incorrect Length of Tape30. Temperature -- Effect, Variation, and Application31. Tension32. Sag33. Marking Survey Points34. Stationing35. Accuracy and Precision36. Errors of Measurement -- Cumulative and Compensating37. Avoiding Mistakes38. Care of Steel Tape38A. Electronic DistanceMeasurementField ExercisesProblemsChapter III. -- Measurement of Direction -- The Magnetic Compass39. The Surveyor's Compass40. Setting up the Compass41. Taking a Bearing42. Declination of the Magnetic Needle43. Relation Between Angles and Bearings44. Computing the Magnetic Bearing of a Line from an Observed Magnetic Bearing of the Line Taken at Some Other Date45. Rerunning Old Lines46. Local Attraction of the Needle47. Common Sources of Error in Compass Work48. Common MistakesField ExercisesProblemsChapter IV. -- Measurement of Angles -- Use of the Transit49. The Transit50. The Telescope51. The Spirit Level52. Principle of the Vernier53. Circle Graduations and Verniers of Transits53a. Optical Transits and TheodolitesUse of Transit.54. Setting up the Transit Over a Point55. Leveling the Transit56. Measuring a Horizontal Angle57. Measuring a Deflection Angle58. Different Methods of Measuring a Horizontal Angle59. Measuring an Angle by Repetition60. Laying off an Angle by Repetition61. Relation between Offsets and Small Angles62. Precision in Angle Measurements -- Their Relation to Measurements of Distances63. Required Precision64. Setting Points on and Extending a Straight Line65. Working on to Line between Two Points not Intervisible66. Working on to Line that is the Extension of a Line Defined by Two PoiCharles B. Breed is the author of 'Surveying', published 1971 under ISBN 9780471100706 and ISBN 0471100706.